Crédito para la adquisición de automotores – Responsabilidad de la concesionaria y de la entidad bancaria

La Justicia condenó a una entidad bancaria otorgante de un crédito para la adquisición de un automotor, en forma solidaria con la concesionaria, a indemnizar los daños producidos por la resolución de un contrato de compraventa causada por la imposibilidad de inscribir la prenda a favor del banco, debido a la inhibición general del comprador. La Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Comercial, en la causa “Costales Claudia Andrea c/ Maynar AG Sociedad Anónima”, condenó a la entidad bancaria otorgante de un crédito para la adquisición de un automotor, en forma solidaria con la concesionaria, a indemnizar los daños producidos por la resolución de un contrato de compraventa causada por la imposibilidad de inscribir la prenda a favor del banco, debido a la inhibición general del comprador. Conforme el texto de la resolución, la actora promovió el juicio a fin de obtener de la concesionaria y de la entidad bancaria otorgante del crédito la indemnización de los daños sufridos por la frustración de su pretensión de adquirir un vehículo 0 km. Por su parte, las demandadas rechazaron la pretensión afirmando que la operación había tenido que ser dejada sin efecto por culpa de la demandante, sobre quien pesaba una inhibición general de bienes que había impedido que se inscribiera la prenda que habría de constituirse sobre el rodado en cuestión en resguardo del préstamo que, para su adquisición, el banco había otorgado a la compradora. Así las cosas, para darle la razón a la compradora, la Cámara consideró que:

  • Jurídicamente, la inhibición no impide la adquisición (por parte del inhibido) de bienes registrables, aun cuando simultáneamente se constituya un gravamen sobre el bien adquirido;
  • Sin perjuicio de ello, si bien es cierto que la existencia de una inhibición general de bienes en cabeza de quien pide un crédito puede convertirse en un obstáculo que frustre la posibilidad de esa persona de acceder a la financiación que busca, si ese hubiera sido el caso –es decir, la decisión de la entidad bancaria de no otorgar financiamiento por no reunir la actora las condiciones crediticias necesarias-, las demandadas debieran haber procurado esa información antes de celebrar el contrato y, en su caso, haberse abstenido de concretar esa compraventa; 
  • En vez de obrar de ese modo, las demandadas no sólo celebraron el convenio, sino que obligaron a su contraria a ejecutarlo mediante el desembolso de casi el 60% del precio del rodado que ésta se había comprometido a entregar en efectivo, y no sólo eso, sino que, al haber sido asimismo desembolsado el crédito que también ya había sido otorgado a la compradora -pese a que no se sabía por entonces si ella reunía o no las aludidas condiciones crediticias-, desde ese mismo momento ésta quedó colocada en la obligación de devolverlo, cumpliendo con las cuotas pactadas y exponiéndose a los costos y penalidades que un eventual incumplimiento habría de ocasionarle.

Considerando estas cuestiones, la Cámara revocó la sentencia de primera instancia y condenó solidariamente a la concesionaria y a la entidad financiera otorgante del crédito a abonar a la actora los siguientes rubros: (i) Los intereses que reclamó la compradora por la demora en la que incurrieron sus contrarias en la devolución de las sumas que por ella habían sido entregadas; (ii) La devolución del importe de la primera cuota del préstamo que le había sido otorgado; (iii) La suma de $8.600 en concepto de daño moral y (iv) La suma de $17.000 en concepto de daño punitivo. 

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